The Logo for Lesson 18 is a "Calavera"

Question 18 SA-11. Here is the text (p. 169/4 to 170/2):

When it became clear that Madero's reform program would be a very limited one, unrest and violence broke out in numerous places in Mexico. One of the most significant movements was the cry for land reform led by Emiliano Zapata, whose cry of &laqno;land and liberty» mobilized thousands of followers who began invading the large land holdings (the haciendas) and taking them over. The landowners appealed to their allies among the senior military officers, who under the leadership of the reactionary general Victoriano Huerta moved to put down the revolt, take Madero and his Vice President prisoner, and then execute them &laqno;as they tried to escape».

By 1913 Huerta and the counterrevolutionary &laqno;federales» were in control of Mexico City, the port city of Veracruz, and not much else. The rest of Mexico was in chaos, with local leaders fighting for the increasingly radical goals of the Revolution under the broad banner of the &laqno;Constitutionalists». Zapata continued his land seizures, Pancho Villa in northern Mexico ran his own war, and Venustiano Carranza attempted to take over the leadership of the remaining factions.

Huerta was finally defeated in 1914, and Carranza became president at the head of the coalition of Constitutionalists. For the first time since Independence radical mestizos, at the head of large numbers of Indigenous, had wrested power away from the creole elite.