Logo: a Positivist train

Question SA-1. Here is the text reference (p. 142/3):

To a great many people Positivism had an attractive scientific foundation, was linked to best intellects of the Enlightenment, and seemed consistent with the most advanced thinking of the day by people such as Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. However, some European Positivists (and their elitist Latin American followers) carried these ideas to extremes such as Social Darwinism and Spencerianism. These argued that geography and ethnic origin played a key role in determining humanity's destiny and that mid-latitude Caucasian cultures such as the European were inherently superior to the non-Caucasian cultures of much of the rest of the world. These ideas appealed to the European-oriented white elites in Latin America, who saw the material progress of Europe and the United States towards the end of the 19th Century and credited Positivist thinking and laws for their successes.